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Ancient Roman ''fasti'' were calendars ''(fasti)'' that recorded religious observances and officially commemorated events. They were typically displayed in the form of an inscription at a prominent public location such as a major temple; several of these ''fasti'' survive, but in states of varying fragmentation. Some calendars are preserved as papyri or manuscripts. One of the original purposes of Roman calendars was to mark the religious and legal status of each day, by means of letters such as ''C, F,'' and ''NP''. By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius.〔Michele Renee Salzman, ''On Roman Time: The Codex-calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity'' (University of California Press, 1990), pp. 17, 122.〕 A ''feriale'' is a listing only of dates for religious or official observances, not a day-by-day accounting of time.〔Jörg Rüpke, ''The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti,'' translated by David M.B. Richardson (Blackwell, 2011, originally published 1995 in German), p. 155; Duncan Fishwick, ''The Imperial Cult in the Latin West'' (Brill, 2004), vol. 3, pt. 3, p. 229.〕 The words ''fasti'' and ''feriale'' are not always distinct in usage, and both ''fasti'' and ''ferialia'' are listed below. Extant ''fasti'' include those known by the following names: * ''Fasti Allifani'' * ''Fasti Amiternini'', dating to the reign of Tiberius, were found at Amiternum (now San Vittorino) in Sabine territory.〔Jörg Rüpke, ''Religion of the Romans'' (Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 189.〕 * ''Fasti Antiates Maiores'' (84–55 BC), from the ''colonia'' of Antium, is the earliest Roman calendar to survive; its large size (1.16m by 2.5 m) allowed the presentation of complex condensed information.〔Mary Beard, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, ''Religions of Rome: A Sourcebook'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 2, pp. 61–62.〕 * ''Feriale Cumanum'' (4–14 AD), from Cumae, was produced during the reign of Augustus and marks several occasions of relevance to the establishment of Imperial cult. These include a supplication for Jupiter Sempiternus to commemorate the assumption of the ''fasces'' by Augustus,〔Robert E.A. Palmer, "Studies of the Northern Campus Martius in Ancient Rome," ''Transactions of the American Philosophical Society'' 80.2 (1990), p. 20.〕 sacrifices on the birthday of Augustus,〔Duncan Fishwick ''The Imperial Cult in the Latin West'' (Brill, 1991), vol. II.1, p. 510.〕 and the date on which he assumed the ''toga virilis''.〔Rüpke, ''The Roman Calendar,'' p. 103.〕 It is one of only two ancient sources that record the first consulship of Augustus (disputed as August 19 or September 22), the other being the ''senatus consultum'' that renamed the month of Sextilis ''Augustus'' (August).〔A. B. Bosworth, "Augustus and August: Some Pitfalls of Historical Fiction," ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' 86 (1982), pp. 158–162.〕 The goddess Vesta is prominent in this ''feriale''.〔Fishwick, ''Imperial Cult,'' vol. II.1, p. 493.〕 * ''Feriale Duranum'', a calendar of religious observances for a military unit stationed in Dura-Europos, Roman Syria in the 3rd century AD. * ''Fasti Esquilini'' * ''Fasti Guidizzolenses'', a small stone calendar (55 by 30 cm) probably produced for private use, found in Augusta Brixia (present-day Brescia), a civic colony ''(colonia civica)''. It is arranged month-by-month in columns, with the Kalends, Nones and Ides marked. These columns contain no letters marking the nundinal cycle or the status of days under religious law, nor holidays. Information on festivals is given in a small ''feriale'' (festival calendar) on the right side of the main calendar.〔Jörg Rüpke, ''Religion in Republican Rome: Rationalization and Ritual Change'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), p. 133.〕 * ''Fasti Maffeiani'', both one of the smallest examples (90 by 70 cm) and one of the most complete.〔Rüpke, ''The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine,'' p. 10.〕 Its date is uncertain; Mario Torelli places it as 8 AD or later.〔Mario Torelli, ''Typology and Structure of Roman Historical Reliefs'' (University of Michigan Press, 1992), p. 84, note 7.〕 * ''Fasti Ostienses'', fragmentary marble slabs from Ostia Antica. In addition to religious observances, they record events from 49 BC to 175 AD, listing the consuls for each year, events of significance to the Empire as a whole, the local ''duoviri'', and some local events.〔Christer Bruun, "Civic Rituals in Imperial Ostia," in ''Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Heidelberg, July 5–7, 2007)'' (Brill, 2009), pp. 134–135.〕 * ''Fasti Praenestini'', with antiquarian commentary on the Roman calendar by Verrius Flaccus. It lacks astronomical notices.〔Carole E. Newlands, ''Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti'' (Cornell University Press, 1995), p. 29.〕 * ''Fasti Vallenses'' * ''Fasti Vaticani'', dating 15–31 AD, under the reign of Tiberius.〔Marina Piranomonte, "Religion and Magic at Rome," in ''Magical Practice in the Latin West. Papers from the International Conference Held at the University of Zaragoza, 30 Sept.–1 Oct. 2005'' (Brill, 2010), p. 192.〕 * ''Fasti Venusini'' * ''Fasti Verulani'' * ''Fasti Vindobonenses'', found in the ''Vindobonensis'' manuscript (MS. 3416), together with the Chronography of 354. There are two sets, one covering 44 BC to 403 AD, and 455 to 493 AD; and the other 44 BC to 397 AD, 439 to 455 AD, and 495 to 539.〔Salzman, ''On Roman Time,'' p. 24.〕 ==See also== * ''Consularia Italica'' * ''Liber Linteus'', with an Etruscan calendar * ''Menologia rustica'', ancient Roman farmers' almanacs * Polemius Silvius * Roman calendar and Julian calendar * Roman festivals 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of ancient Roman fasti」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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